History of Calculus Essay - 1186 Words

History of Calculus The history of calculus falls into several distinct time periods, most notably the ancient, medieval, and modern periods. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas of integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous or systematic way. Calculating volumes and areas, the basic function of integral calculus, can be traced back to the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1800 BC), in which an Egyptian successfully calculated the volume of a pyramidal frustum.[1][2] From the school of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408#8722;355 BC) used the method of exhaustion, which prefigures the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes while Archimedes (c. 287#8722;212 BC) developed this idea†¦show more content†¦In Europe, the second half of the 17th century was a time of major innovation. Calculus provided a new opportunity in mathematical physics to solve long-standing problems. Several mathematicians contributed to these breakthroughs, notably John Wallis and Isaac Barrow. James Gregory proved a special case of the second fundamental theorem of calculus in AD 1668. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was originally accused of plagiarism of Sir Isaac Newtons unpublished works, but is now regarded as an independent inventor and contributor towards calculus. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was originally accused of plagiarism of Sir Isaac Newtons unpublished works, but is now regarded as an independent inventor and contributor towards calculus. Leibniz and Newton pulled these ideas together into a coherent whole and they are usually credited with the independent and nearly simultaneous invention of calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today; he often spent days determining appropriate symbols for concepts. The basic insight that both Newton and Leibniz had was the fundamental theorem of calculus. When Newton and Leibniz first published their results, there was greatShow MoreRelatedCalculus As A Part Of Modern Mathematics Education1708 Words   |  7 PagesCalculus (from Latin calculus, literally small pebble used for counting)[1] is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has two major branches, differential calculus (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves),[2] and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves);[3] these two branches are related to each otherRead MoreDifferences Between Facts And Theories Of Math And History Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences in the Relationship between Facts and Theories: Math and History Theories have been defines as integrated set of concepts formed into propositions that explain different phenomena or events (Schneider 2), while facts as thing that is undisputed as the case or corresponds to the truth (Mellor 110). Both facts and theories are used to generate knowledge that can be applied in verse situations. However, the relationship between facts and theories differs between different areas of knowledgeRead MoreThe Life and Times of Sir Isaac Newton Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthat Newton took an interest in math and science. Then, in 1665, Newton was forced to go home because of an epidemic outbreak. During his time away from school, Newton started studying optics, math, and gravity. In addition, he started to create Calculus. Newton was allowed to return to Cambridge in 1667, and in 1669, he became a math professor. In between his return and appointment as a professor, he invented the reflecting telescope. This invention brought him into the limelight and in 1672Read MoreMathematics Is That Of Pi ( ÃŽ   )1728 Words   |  7 PagesSometime around the year 1425, a new approach for determining the value of Ï€ was developed by an Indian mathematician, Madhava of Sangamagrama, a technique using infinite series which allowed him to find Ï€ to 11 decimal places. With the discovery of Calculus by Sir Issac Newton and work from European mathematicians, such as James Gregory and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz led to the development of many infinite series for approximating Ï€. With the use of infinite products, mathematicians were able to findRead MoreAnalyble Themes In The Calculus Diaries By Jennifer Ouellette978 Words   |  4 PagesThe author of The Calculus Diaries, Jennifer Ouellette, conveys a story to the reader that calculus isn’t as evil as everyone makes it seem, and to show its uses in everyday life. This happens expertly by using relatable topics such as gambling in Vegas, how to lose weight, and how to survive t he zombie apocalypse. Ouellette makes it a key point that anyone can understand and apply calculus, even those who dread even hearing the term. In addition, since every chapter has a new topic the charactersRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesIt was a period in which there was an epidemic of a genius virus in Europe for scientists, explorers, inventors of many things including mathematics. Among them was Isaac Newton (1642-1727) who co-invented calculus, discovered the Binomial Theorem, and formulated a theory of universal gravitation (Smith). Newton has been regarded for almost 300 years as the founding exemplar of modern physical science, his achievements in experimental investigation being as innovative as these in mathematical researchRead MoreThe Discovery Of Calculus : Newton And Gottfried Von Leibniz Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, there have been numerous mathematical discoveries, but perhaps none of these were met w ith the controversy of the discovery of Calculus. In the 1600s, two men, Isaac Newton and Gottfried von Leibniz both began the study of differential and integral Calculus. During the 17th century, plagiarism was an extremely serious offense and second inventors were often put in the position to defend their right to the topic and against suspicion. Newton and Leibniz spent many years with theirRead MoreEssay on Leibniz: The Father of Modern Calculus1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfigure in the history of philosophy and mathematics. Although his work was not fully appreciated during his day, he did much to advance the quot;thinkingquot; on a variety of subjects. His fame was scarred by the infamous controversy with Isaac Newton on the subject of the discoverer of calculus. Leibnizs work encompassed a wide scope, ranging from philosopy to politics to mechanics and mathematics, but his most noteworthy accomplishment was the discovery of differential calculus and its highlyRead MoreThe En dless Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pageshis life on—building bridges of knowledge. Throughout his life he was devoted to expanding his and others knowledge past previously known realms. Often regarded of the father of calculus, Newton contributed many notable ideas and functions to the world through his creation of calculus and the various divisions of calculus. Namely, Newton built upon the works of great mathematicians before him through their use of geometry, arithmetic and algebra to create a much more complex field that could explainRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pagesin the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affected the scientific community during the Scientific Revolution and still affect society today, he recognized the three laws of mot ion, discovered gravity, and co-developed calculus. The scientific revolution was a time of inquisition, discovery, and new ideas. The scientific revolution started at the end of

How Political Marriages Can Be Tough - 928 Words

Political marriages are known to be tough and very hard to handle. With all the pressure of fans and enemies, along with all the work that has to be done, it can be very difficult. For a lot of relationships, it can either make or break their marriage. It takes a lot of patience and passion and respect for the relationship, especially where large political divides exist, said Post, spokeswoman for the Emily Post Institute and great-great-granddaughter of Emily Post. To be able to do that successfully speaks to the kind of relationship these couples have ( Grinberg). A political marriage can work if they can figure out how to make things work smoothly, just like these people did with their marriages. One of the many successful marriages is Michelle and Barack Obama. Michelle and Obama were married October 3, 1992, at Trinity United Church in Chicago. As we all know, Obama is currently our 44th President and his wife Micelle Obama is the First Lady, a Lawyer, a writer, a wife, and a mother to her children. One of the reasons Michelle fell in love with Obama was because of his emotional honesty. Obama didn’t play games when they were dating, he was straight forward and said what he felt right away. Even though Michelle loved Obama conditionally back then, she says now that even after being in the White House, his heart, character, and convictions are all the same. Obama is still the same man that she fell in love with a long time ago. Michelle focuses on having a happyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Spartan Empire And Its Women1602 Words   |  7 Pages their marriage, and how much land they possessed. There was a reason why the women of Sparta were so tough. They grew up in pursuit of physical perfection and self-dependence which had a great advantage over the other women in the different parts of the region. What most people most likely do not know is that, like the boys, girls were educated and trained in the same way as the boys. Spartan girl’s parents placed greater significance on becoming physically strong verses learning how to sow andRead MoreSusan Moller Okin s Justice, Gender And The Family1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthey create for women. Based on her diagnosis of the causes, she proposes legal measures to alleviate this inequality. Explain the causal arguments by which Okin locates the source of these economic disparities between the sexes in the nature of marriage, the family and the upbringing of girls in the US. 35 years later, the same economic disparities, including the wage gap and glass ceiling, still exist for American women, despite anti-discrimination laws and increasing numbers of women in the workRead MoreThe Ideological Debate Over Social Welfare1153 Words   |  5 Pagesconsiderably over several decades, it remains oft-debated and frequently raised as subject for electoral or legislative disagreement. To the point, the chief social problem connected with welfare is the widespread philosophical, ideological and political disagreement which persists over so-called welfare rights. Such is to say that there are some who perceive welfare support as a right to which citizens should be entitled in an affluent and stable society such as the United States. By contrastRead MoreThe Argument Of Teen Pregnancy813 Words   |  4 Pagessites like Facebook, debated by many of our most powerful political leaders, and analyzed by researchers. Furthermore, pregnant teens are being judged regularly by political groups/movements, the ultra-religious groups, and ordinary Americans. The highly publicized debate has even compelled networks such as MTV (Music Television) to produce a show called 16 Pregnant. 16 Pregnant examines the challenges that pregnant teens face in marriage, adoption, religion, graduating high school, and the strugglesRead MoreCharles Wright Millss The Sociological Imagination94 5 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Mills to â€Å"dig deeper† by questioning these scenarios. â€Å"Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both† (Mills, 1959, p. 1). The Sociological imagination is a frame of mind that enables a person to find themselves within the bigger picture of society. It is a thought perspective that helps an individual see how their own problems, or troubles as Mills terms them, are not only being experienced by oneself. These troubles arise fromRead MoreEssay on Alfred Hitchcocks Works of Crime Fiction717 Words   |  3 PagesCreative works are organised into a specific genre. Genre can be concisely defined as a set of conventions and expectations which audiences will grow accustomed to over time. Conventions within a genre will limit and shape the meaning perceived by audiences. Through time, as contexts alter, so do values; though conventions remain the same. Some composers make their texts more appealing once they challenge the original conventions of a genre and thus attra ct a wider audience. By doing this, composersRead MorePresidential Election : American Citizens Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesare two very opposing candidates, Republican, Donald Trump, and Democrat, Hillary Clinton. Many people believe that this election is coming down to choosing between the lesser evil. However, Hillary Clinton’s professionalism and answers to numerous tough questions make her the best candidate to not only be the president, but to be the first woman president in all of the U.S. history. Hillary Clinton has numerous years of experience as a politician under her belt while her opposing candidate, DonaldRead MoreThe Film The Lost Honor Of Katharina Blum1324 Words   |  6 PagesSchlondorff and Margarethe von Trotta in 1975 and The Marriage of Maria Braun, directed by Dir. Rainer Werner Fassbinder in 1979 both display issues with gender equality. In The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum, Katharina shares a night with a wanted man and she falls in love with him. She is harassed by the police and the press when she tells them that she had no part in helping Ludwig Gà ¶tten, the wanted terrorist, escape. Katharina is an example of how women were victimized at this time by establishmentsRead MoreThe Debate Over The Method Of Constitutional Interpretation1556 Words   |  7 Pagesif our country’s society has since evolved. However, the United States today is over two centuries older than when this document became effective. It is inevitable that society and its ideals have evolved greatly in this time period. Thus, decisions can no longer be based on what was established over two centuries ago. New factors, in addition to the written law of the Constitution, need to be taken into consideration. While the Constitution should always be interpreted the way the Founding FathersRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Views On Homosexuality1022 Words   |  5 Pagesthat it is a sin in God’s eyes according to the Bible, and there are those who believe that God and the Bible are not specific to homosexuals. It is a tough debate based on whether you are a religious person, how you were raised, and where your morals and ethics stand. Over the last 2,000 years of Christianity many changes have taken place in how it views people and their place in the kingdom of God. The Church has changed its views of people of other races as inferior, or attacks, in need of salvation

Cyp 3.6 Working Together for the Benefit of Child and...

CYP Core 3.6 Working together for the benefit of children and young people 1.1 Explain the importance of multi-agency working and integrated working. As a childcare practitioner it is important that I am able to recognise when a child in their early years may have a range of learning needs. To be able to understand the way I need to work with others to ensure that the learning plan that is in place for this child has a positive impact on their health, development and learning. To ensure I am offering an inclusive practice where the child is supported and feels valued and is helping them towards achieving the Five Outcomes of The Every Child Matters Framework. Different professionals working together will help to improve the†¦show more content†¦The functions of external agencies are to support and ensure that young children and their families get the support needed so that children can get the best possible start in life. As a childminder my services interacts regularly with Children centres who offer classes such as toddler groups which assist a child in their early years with their development through play, songs and story times. They also offer training and support to children and their families such as finding employment, childcare and breast feeding. Childminding network groups which offer support and guidance to childminders within the Early Years Foundation Stage with support around the planning of activities for the children we care for. My Local authority children services, which runs childcare and early years training courses for childcare providers with specialised workshops such as supporting children with Autism or behavioural problems. My local authority safeguarding children’s board supplys me with all the information I need to keep up to date with on how to safeguard and promote the welfare of our children and young people. National childminding association offer me training and the support I need within my setting. Health care professionals such as health visitors who offer support and guidance for children and their families. * I have asked a health visitor to visit a family for a child I had recently began to care for in the past as theShow MoreRelatedTDA 3.2 organisation in schools Essay3183 Words   |  13 Pageschildren, young people and adults Knowledge skill 3 2 2 A/601/3326 TDA 3.2 Schools as organisations Knowledge 3 3 3 F/601/4073 TDA 3.3 Support learning activities Knowledge skill 3 4 4 A/601/4069 TDA 3.4 Promote children and young people’s positive behaviour Knowledge skill 3 3 5 H/601/4065 TDA 3.5 Develop professional relationships with children, young people and adults Knowledge skill 3 2 6 M/601/4070 TDA 3.6 PromoteRead MoreCyp 3.6/Cu1523 – Working Together for the Benefit of Children and Young People1250 Words   |  5 PagesCYP 3.6/CU1523 – Working together for the benefit of children and young people 1.1 Explain the importance of multi agency working and integrated working ------------------------------------------------- As an early years setting I have a responsibility to help the children in my care achieve the 5 outcomes of the UK Governments Every Child Matters (ECM) – Be Healthy, Stay Safe, Enjoy amp; Achieve, Make a positive contribution and Achieve economic well-being. Whilst we as practitioners doRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 PagesCACHE Qualification Specification CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE  © Copyright 2011 All rights reserved worldwide.    Reproduction by approved CACHE centres is permissible for internal use under the following conditions: CACHE has provided this Qualification Specification in Microsoft Word format to enable its Centres to use its content more flexibly within their ownRead MoreChildren and Young People Shc 311838 Words   |  8 PagesLisa Okonkwo CACHE CYPWD Level 3 candidate pin:30196060 SHC 31: Promote communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings 1. Identify the different reasons people communicate. People communicate for a number of different reasons including: †¢ To get to know each other †¢ To share information †¢ To provide someone else with information 2. Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. We communicate in a two differentRead MoreChild Care Level 311778 Words   |  48 Pages1 promote communication in health, social care or children and young people’s settings (ShC 31) Chapter 1 aC 1.1 1.2 What you need to know the different reasons people communicate how communication affects relationships in the work setting aC What you need to do 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 Demonstrate how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication DemonstrateRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 Pagesand professional relationships with children, young people and adults _________________________ 8 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults indicative content ___________ 9 Schools as organisations ____________________________________________________________ _____________ 10 Schools as organisations indicative content ___________________________________________________________ 11 Understand child and young person development ______________________________________________________

Why Do You Want to Be a Lawyer Free Essays

The definition of a law state’s that ‘a lawyer is a person who practiced law and delivered justice. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdiction. So, as relation to the topic above, I want to become a lawyer because, it is my ambition to become a lawyer since when I was in class five know that it is not so easy to become a lawyer. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do You Want to Be a Lawyer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because the subject law is not very easy to study, because the study material are so huge. There is so many constitution and act to study. And established as an honorable lawyer is not so easy, it takes a lot of time to establish in the society as a good lawyer. But also I have choose to become a lawyer because, in my point of view, the population of our country is about sixteen core and the number of lawyer in our country is about 42000 and number of judges is about 1800. So it is very less in number in relation to the number of people in our country. And because of crisis of people in the judicial department it takes a lot of time for judgment in our country. And I can see no one care about all this problem, everyone wants to be doctor, engineer or wants to complete MBA or BBA and look for comfortable jobs. It’s a profession which is to serve for the people, it is honorable profession, and it gives relief to people similar to medical hospital. A hospital heal the physical parts of the people where as a lawyer heal the people both physically and mentally. In our country we can see many poor people often engaged different kind of crimes, and they do not get right judgment because they do not have the capacity to haired a good experience lawyer, because the demand of money of a good lawyer is more, so I have decided to established myself as a good lawyer, I’ll give right judgments to the people. And I think to practice as a lawyer in the court is not so easy, because it need a great courage to fight against different civil and criminal cases. Because sometimes the lawyer gets different threats from different persons and political sites, and I think that I had that courage to face all this problems. And also practice as a lawyer is very interesting because every day we will deal with some new cases and also we will discover some new things by sought out problems. By becoming a lawyer as I can practice both in courts as well as work for a company, because now day’s high ranking company needs lawyer to sought out their problems. By becoming lawyer I can practice in the supreme courts also. And we know that Supreme Court is the highest courts in our country, and it is not so easy to practice as a lawyer in the Supreme Court, and it very honorable. Working as a lawyer I can handle the constitution affairs also, the position of a lawyer doesn’t ends here, after practicing as a lawyer in the district courts for ten years I can work as a judges also. It is clearly visible that the demand of a lawyer is increasing day by day, because now days in every matter there is a need of a lawyer, like if we buy a house or sell a house there is a need of a lawyer even for a marriage here is a need of a lawyer. So, as a conclusion I would like to tell that it is common that law related persons are often respected by the society, and it is a very respected job in a society. Nowadays a lawyer is a most important person in our society, they are the middle person who solves specific individualized problems, and the role of a lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions. How to cite Why Do You Want to Be a Lawyer, Papers

Reflective writing on Nursing Skills-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Reflective writing on Nursing Skills. Answer: In this essay, I will pen down reflections as a part of my interview for the post of Registered nurse. I have selected the question How has your training prepared you for a nursing career. I will reflect on an incident, which occurred whilst I enrolled for my nursing training in college (McAllister, 2013). I will utilize the various aspects of reflective writing model to discuss my training experience and its future implications. I will focus on my knowledge, emotions and action to elucidate how an incident during my training prepared me for a career as a registered nurse. The incident- From the very beginning of my training, I had spent a great deal of time observing how the senior staff approached all patients. I had completed 8 months of my nursing training when this incident occurred. I consider it as an important and critical in-house incident which acted in the form of a wake-up call and created a challenging environment. Mr. Sly, aged 65 years had been admitted in the hospital after he sustained a fracture on twisting his left-ankle in a water puddle. On admission, he complained of severe pain due to fractures to the lateral malleolus on his left ankle. Pain is an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience caused due to tissue damage (Williams Craig, 2016). The accident resulted in undue anxiety to him and his family. A doctor treated his fracture with plaster-cast immobilization and assigned a nurse to take care of him. However, the nurse in-charge did not make any effort to look after his needs or talk to him. He was distressed and had to be calmed down by his family members. My feelings- During our training sessions, I noticed that the nurse-in-charge did not attend him, nor did she keep a record his medical notes. This incident was upsetting, as a staff was responsible for his distress. I could feel his pain and agony. I was anxious and nervous at the same time as I wanted to help him but could not do so without assurance from a senior nurse. There was swelling and bruising in his ankle. Based on my training knowledge, I felt the need of talking to him and recommending my senior to increase his drug doses. Evaluation- I approached him and introduced myself to build a good rapport. I knew what was to be done but needed a reassurance from a senior registered nurse. I tried to initiate contacts with the senior RN who could provide him necessary resources for relief. I assured him I will be back and went to the senior to talk about his condition and how to relieve his pain. My training academics helped to understand the pathophysiology of his twisted ankle. I approached the senior for a reassessment and change of medicine dose. I took his medical charts along and showed that he was on a five hourly administration of 10mg morphine. Morphine is the most effective opioid to reduce acute pain. My mentor analyzed his charts and we changed the dose to five hourly administration of 20 mg morphine (Macintyre Schug, 2014). A competent and responsible nurse was advised to look after him following the declining unprofessionalism of the former nurse-in-charge. Explanation of the situation- We analyzed his medical charts because these records are the best way to monitor a patients conditions and needs (Abell, 2015). On analysis, she confirmed my thought of increasing the analgesic dose to reduce his pain (Macintyre Schug, 2014). On getting back to him, I obtained his informed consent for the reassessment and told him there might be a need to increase his drug dosage to reduce his pain. This seemed to calm him a little. I had the theoretical knowledge that lateral malleolus occurs due to fractures at the end of fibula bone and morphine is the most commonly used opioid to treat acute pain (Odak et al., 2016). It works on the central nervous system. We also prescribed some antiematics to reduce his nausea. He reported good spirit and better health conditions after the reassessment. I worked hand-in-hand with my mentor and observed how she administered the drug and monitored the changes observed in the patient. Understanding- I felt that the unprofessional attitude of the nurse-in-charge hinders care-giving practices. A nurse should always be empathetic towards patients. After a change in dosage of medicines, he did not complain of acute pain and we discharged him the day after. He thanked me for being a patient listener and communicating his problems to the senior. I realized that timely intervention of my mentor helped to reduce his discomfort (Bridges et al., 2017). Instead of being moved by pity for the patients condition, I should always seek guidance from a senior. Intervention form a senior always leads to a quicker outcome. I learned that a patients medical record is a fundamental aspect of nursing practice. Accurate documentation minimizes chances of errors and provides evidence for increase in drug doses when required. I also learned that pain is often related to subjective experiences (Wilcox et al., 2015). My future practice would include exhaustive study on pain management and patient records documentation. I will reflect on the ways of increasing effectiveness of nursing practice. I will prioritize my patients, show empathy towards them and try to make them feel comfortable. I will also focus on the use different assessment tools and VDS (verbal-description scales) to assess pain intensity and response to opioids (Athlin, Carlsson Gunningberg, 2015). I will also sharpen my communication skills because effective communication with a patient is a prerequisite for building a strong patient-nurse relationship. Therefore, I conclude from the incident mentioned above that, my nursing training helped me gain knowledge on the different aspects of nursing practice and providing care and relief to patients. I will try to utilize my training experience on my placement as a registered nurse. References Abell, C. H., Bragg-Underwood, T., Alexander, L., Abell, C. E., Burd, V. (2015). Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes toward Implementation of Electronic Medical Records.International Journal of Faith Community Nursing,1(3), 74. Athlin, . M., Carlsson, M., Gunningberg, L. (2015). To receive or not to receive analgesics in the emergency department: the importance of the pain intensity assessment and initial nursing assessment.Pain Management Nursing,16(5), 743-750. Bridges, J., May, C., Griffiths, P., Fuller, A., Wigley, W., Gould, L., ... Libberton, P. (2017). Optimising impact and sustainability: a qualitative process evaluation of a complex intervention targeted at compassionate care.BMJ Quality Safety. Macintyre, P. E., Schug, S. A. (2014).Acute pain management: a practical guide. CRC Press. McAllister, L. (2013). Reflective Practice: The What, the Why and the How, of Reflection?.The ANZTLA EJournal, (7), 50-63. Odak, S., Ahluwalia, R., Unnikrishnan, P., Hennessy, M., Platt, S. (2016). Management of posterior malleolar fractures: a systematic review.The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery,55(1), 140-145. Wilcox, C. E., Mayer, A. R., Teshiba, T. M., Ling, J., Smith, B. W., Wilcox, G. L., Mullins, P. G. (2015). The subjective experience of pain: An FMRI study of percept-related models and functional connectivity.Pain Medicine,16(11), 2121-2133. Williams, A. C. D. C., Craig, K. D. (2016). Updating the definition of pain.Pain,157(11), 2420-2423.

Accounting Theory British Petroleum

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory British Petroleum. Answer: Introduction As per Tagesson (2014), most of the corporation activities affect the biodiversity or the environment either directly or indirectly. Therefore, this report has been prepared in order to study and understand the direct as well as the indirect impacts of a renowned corporation named British Petroleum Limited on the ecology. Thus, here, a case study on British Petroleum Limited has been studied and analyzed in detail in order to find out the issues related with the firm. It has been found that the particular company mainly has three issues. At first, consequence of oil spill on ocean ecosystem, secondly, lack of ecology services for governing risks and thirdly, lack of regulation sketch for noticing the reinstatement cost. Purpose of the Report Depending on the provided case of British Petroleum, it has been noticed that the specified company is not capable to measure its reinstatement cost. As a result of this, the company analyzes this cost with respect to monetary terms. In addition, it has been identified that British Petroleum does not provide much significance to the harm it causes to the environment. Besides, the company counts this as products that cannot be marketed. So, British Petroleum should focus on the same and measure the value. It has been found that the government of the nation counts the firm as liable to pay fine as it causes harm to the ecosystem through causing oil spills, though the company does not portray the total damages done by it clearly (Ball 2016). As a result, the chief intention of preparing this report is to alert the firm British Petroleum regarding the spoils done by it to the environment. Issues Detected and Consequences Consequence of oil spill on ocean ecosystem Lack of ecology services for governing risks Lack of regulation sketch for noticing the reinstatement cost Research Methodology The report mainly deals with the collection of data from both secondary and primary resources, so both primary and secondary as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis will be performed. Telephonic or face-to-face interview (qualitative analysis) and questionnaire survey (quantitative analysis) will be performed here. The secondary resources include websites, articles and scientific journals. Drawbacks and Suppositions In order to collect accurate and authentic information, researcher will gather data from the inhabitants of Gulf Coast where oil spills occurred and employees of the company through survey. Nonetheless, both the staffs and the inhabitants of the region might falter to answer the researcher to the survey questions due to the nature of the research (Guthrie and Parker 2014). Discussion Literature Review Consequence of oil spill on ocean ecosystem Oil spills are a type of pollution and thus all the firms of the petroleum sector should remain alert about this. However, British Petroleum does not portray the damages it done to the environment through oil spills. Moreover, the firm is found to cause more incidental oil spills than accidental oil spills. The later pattern of spill occurs accidentally and thus it is named so, but the former kind occurs due to the carelessness, negligence and ignorance of the employees and management of British Petroleum. Both the types of oil spills affect the ocean ecosystem (environment) directly and this has leaded to increase in mortality rate in marine ecosystem. Therefore, the company should pay the cleanup amount and fine charged by the government, but BP Limited aims to cover all the damages done by it to the ecological wealth (Dull, Schleifer and McMillan 2015). It has been found that ecological damage measurement as well as detection is very difficult, so the corporation measures it with respect to monetary value. Lack of ecology services for governing risks The stakeholders of British Petroleum fully trust on the corporation regarding its moral standards and ethical standards, so it should put steps forward for betterment of the ecological and social wealth (Henderson et al. 2015). Furthermore, British Petroleum should follow all the accounting standards of the environment for making it a trustworthy organization for the stakeholders. These standards will assist the corporation to widen a strong relationship between the organization, environment and ecosystem. Lack of regulation sketch for noticing the reinstatement cost It is a common factor that most of the organizations of oil and petroleum industry break their penalty or fines by the application of political bargaining. However, the application of the political bargaining approach does not help the firm to recover all the damages done by it to the ecosystem. Thus, the organization British Petroleum should imply any process-adjusted structure in order to resolve all the risks associated with its operations. Moreover, it can be said that this particular process is considered as the required one for each firm of the particular sector. It has been found that the accidental oil spills generally arise due to collide of autocratic action as this results into featured accounts (Molisa 2014). The unveiled data of a firm is very important for the management department as it helps in estimating the endeavor point for reinstatement cost. Therefore, lack of regulation sketch might affect the corporation negatively, especially in the process of identifying rei nstatement cost, so the mentioned approach is important for every organization of the oil and petroleum sector. Methods for the Research Process Process of Research In this research work, the researcher will implement primary research process as well as secondary research method. Thus, from both the primary and secondary resources, the researcher will gather data for better analysis. Thus, the researcher will target the people who live in Gulf Coast and the workers of BP Limited for performing questionnaire survey. In addition, secondary data will be gathered from the secondary sources (like websites, journals and articles). Sample Size The researcher will collect information from a fixed sample size of 50 employees and 150 residents of Gulf Coast and this sample will be selected randomly. Selection Principle The selection of the samples can be done through various techniques, however, in this work, Probability Sampling Technique will be used. Discussion and Analysis of Data Consequence of oil spill on ocean ecosystem There are various kinds of oil spills that generally take place due to the activity of the organization British Petroleum and the percentages of occurring various kinds are shown below: Figure 1: Various patterns of Oil Spills and Their Occurrence Percentage (Source: Bp.com 2017) In addition to this, it has been found that due to increased percentage of occurrence of oil spills, the mortality rate of the marine ecosystem has also been increased noticeably. Lack of ecology services for governing risks It has been found that the oil spills majorly affect the ocean ecosystem as various kinds of spills take place on a short interval of time. These are: Figure 2: Main Accidental Spills (Source: Baker and Burlaud 2015) As per the data collected from Gulf, it has been came to know that the oil spills chiefly affect the ocean ecosystem, deepwater but it also affect the other parts of the environment. Figure 3: Influence of Spills (Source: Freeman et al. 2014) Lack of regulation sketch for noticing the reinstatement cost With the passage of time, the demand as well as the supply of the oil increased, but the workforce, numbers of staffs and contractors started to decrease as the occurrence of oil spills of the firm started to increase. Moreover, the information regarding the budget of Deepwater Horizon has been collected from the organizations employees and it can be enhanced through the following chart: Figure 4: Financial Plan of Deepwater Horizon (Source: Bp.com 2017) On the other hand, the reinstatement cost can be better explained through the following pie chart: Figure 5: Lack of Regulation Sketch (Source: Bp.com 2017) Accuracy of Data Here, genuine information has been collected from both the kinds of resources (secondary and primary) and the participants of research survey can keep trust on the researcher of the project as the gathered data will not be unveiled. Conclusion and Recommendation It can be concluded that British Petroleum should keep notice on the damages done by it the environment and should implement the accounting standards of environment. Moreover, fines paid by the firm to the government are not enough for improving the harm cause to the ecology. References Baker, C.R. and Burlaud, A., 2015. The historical evolution from accounting theory to conceptual framework in financial standards setting.The CPA Journal,85(8), p.54. Ball, R., 2016. Why We Do International Accounting Research.Journal of International Accounting Research,15(2), pp.1-6. Bp.com. 2017.Bp.com. [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dull, R.B., Schleifer, L.L. and McMillan, J.J., 2015. Achievement goal theory: the relationship of accounting students goal orientations with self-efficacy, anxiety, and achievement.Accounting Education,24(2), pp.152-174. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: Theory and practice.JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Guthrie, J. and D. Parker, L., 2014. The global accounting academic: what counts!.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(1), pp.2-14. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Molisa, P.B.M., 2014. Accounting for apocalypse: Re-thinking social accounting theory and practice for our time of social crises and ecological collapse. Tagesson, T., 2014. Accounting reforms, standard setting and compliance.Public sector accounting, pp.8-22.

Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst Essay Example

Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst Essay Authors demonstrate their arguments in many ways. Writers differ in their organization, mode of discourse, and style in making their arguments. An example is of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Francis Broadhursts essays on the Cape Wind project. The respective essays are of the same topics but with opposing views. Both opinions are neither right nor wrong, it depends on how well the writer supports his case. Kennedy uses descriptions and examples to draw in the reader, while Broadhurst uses statistical evidence and studies to illustrate his point. Facts and research are powerful when speaking to scientists and politicians. But to the average reader and tourists that visit or live in the Nantucket Sound area, the pathos reasoning is far more relatable and hits close to home thus, it is more appealing. Ultimately, Kennedys An Ill Wind off Cape Cod makes a stronger and more effective argument because he can manipulate his readers prospective and outlook on the topic of the Cape Wind project through the organization of the essay, the mode of discourse, and the style in which the essay is written in. Kennedy first begins to create an image of the effects of turbines in Nantucket sound by organizing his essay in a cause and effect style. Kennedy explains the Cape Wind project to his audience, Cape Winds proposal involves construction of 130 giant turbines whose windmill arms will reach 417 feet above the water and be visible for up to 26 miles. This is the cause. The effect is that the turbines will need flashing lights to warn the airplanes and boats that they are in the path of a turbine. And as Kennedy puts it, Hundreds of flashing lights rom the turbines will steal the stars and nighttime views. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The turbines will wreck the views of Nantucket Sound, seeing that they will be inescapable; able to be seen and heard from miles away. Another effect the turbines will have is the economy. First of all, the area will lose many of its small businesses like hotels, motels, whale watching tours, and many more due to the decline in tourism that the wind turbines will cause. It is estimated that 2,533 jobs will be lost (using a study from The Beacon Hill Institute at Suffolk University). Secondly, Nantucket Sound is an affluent fishing area. There are hundreds of fishing families in the areas where the Cape Wind project would be built. These families make half their annual income from catching fish. The family-owned businesses will be destroyed from the risk that their gears will become trapped in the cables of the 130 towers. The collapse of the fishing and tourist businesses will cost the local economy over a billion dollars. The cause and effect method is successful in Kennedys essay because the reader can fully understand what the problem is and why it is a bad idea. Furthermore, Kennedy chooses an argumentative mode of discourse. He takes a position on the issue and stands by it. Kennedy opposes the idea of the Cape Wind project on Nantucket Sound. His essay is set up like a persuasive essay. Kennedy begins with exposing his main argument, while acknowledging the other side. He writes As an environmentalist, I support wind power, including wind power on the high seas But I do believe that some places should be off limits to any sort of industrial development. I wouldnt build a wind farm in Yosemite National Park. Nor would I build one on Nantucket Sound Then, Kennedy provides examples and descriptions, one after another. The examples are the body paragraphs of the persuasive essay. They are the reasons and the descriptions are the details that support the examples. The descriptions only strengthen the reasons by adding a sense of reality to the reader because now he or she can visualize it. Kennedy rationalizes that Nantucket Sound is among the most densely traveled boating corridors in the Atlantic. The detail that he supports the reasoning is that the towers will be close to the main navigation channels for cargo ships, ferries, and fishing boats. And because the area is infamous for their fogs and storms, collisions are inevitable. In this way, it is very difficult to not agree with Kennedy, especially because there are consecutive paragraphs that supply the audience with so many examples. Each one is more intense than the last; it starts out with Kennedy pointing out the monetary irresponsibility of Cape Wind and ends with arguments that the turbines impact the local economy and the environment of the Cape region. Kennedy then has concession paragraphs that give points about what his uncle did to help preserve Nantucket Sound and why it needs to be preserved. He agrees that there should be something done to reap the same benefits as the Cape Wind project and suggests alternatives, such as the Scottish deep-water wind project that is also mentioned in Broadhursts essay. The argumentative mode of discourse is makes the essay a powerful case because Kennedy provides reasons for rejecting the wind turbines. The line between an opinion and a legitimate argument is how one defends himself. Kennedy proves to his readers that he can justify his case. Kennedys writing style was big in developing his argument. His use of descriptive language is consistent throughout the entire essay. A very large part in the essay was Kennedys practice of descriptive language and imagery to make his emotional case. The reader can not but be moved when he says, The humane society estimates the whirling turbines could every year kill thousands of migrating songbirds and sea ducks, or when he makes an ardent petition about the charm and appeal of Cape Cod. His central argument is that wind turbines would desecrate the natural beauty of Nantucket Sound and in turn, have adverse effects on the region. Kennedy writes, There are those who argue that Cape Cod is far from pristine and that Cape Winds turbines wont be a significant blot. I invite these critics to see the pods of humpback, minke, pilot, finback, and right whales off Nantucket, to marvel at the thousands of harbor and gray seals lolling, to chase the dark clouds of terns and shorebirds descending over the thick menhaden schools exploding over acre-sized feeding frenzies of striped bass, bluefish, and bonita. He rebuts his opponents allegations using lucid descriptions of Cape Cods magnificence. Kennedy uses description as an extremely effective and central part of his argument against the Cape Wind turbines. The illustration of windmills as instruments of demolition allows him to persuade the readers that the massive wind turbines can destroy the utopian Nantucket Sound. As a result, Kennedy is able to guilt the reader into supporting his anti-Cape Wind position. Kennedy is so successful because he reaches his audience emotionally and tricks them to feel that if they are supporting Cape Wind, they are also supporting a felony against nature in Nantucket Sound itself. Lastly, Kennedys second apparent writing style was the application of a specific tone in his essay. Kennedys enthusiasm and passion for the topic clearly shows throughout the essay, and only adds to his strategy of appealing to the audiences emotions. The passages in which Kennedy discusses the turbines possible impact on fishermen and describes the aesthetic of Cape Cod show that this is an issue that is very close to him. This topic is something that he obviously really cares about, and that helps Kennedy establish his credibility with the reader. He passionately describes the area, I urge them to come diving on some of the hundreds of historic wrecks in this graveyard of the Atlantic, and to visit the endless dune-covered beaches of Cape Cod, our fishing villages immersed in history and beauty, or to spend an afternoon netting blue crabs or mucking clams, quahogs and scallops by the bushel on tidal mud flats He uses words and phrases like beauty and endless dune-covered beaches to draw in the reader and lets them know that he, himself, is very fond of Nantucket Sound. However, there is always a hint of antagonism in his tone; it especially shows when he addresses his critics. He uses words like I invite and I urge to refer to them. The use of the hortative expresses that Kennedy truly wants to prove to the critics that they are wrong. Kennedys tone throughout his piece further permit him to emotionally inspire the audience and consequently, he pulls the reader to his side of the dispute. Kennedys strategy in this essay is clear. He targets the audiences emotions and sympathy in order to win over their vote in opposing wind turbines and he is able to do this through his cause and effect organization, his argumentative mode of discourse, and in his tone and use of imagery. Kennedys essay is well written and successfully defends the argument against wind turbines.